Corpus evidence — top 10 passages

Most-relevant passages from the entire indexed corpus (67,286 paragraph chunks across YouTube transcripts, PubMed, arXiv, archive.org, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, OpenAlex, and more) ranked by semantic similarity (bge-small-en-v1.5).

1. 01 · pubmed0.754

   There is ample evidence that speakers' linguistic knowledge extends well beyond what can be described in terms of rules of compositional interpretation stated over combinations of single words. We explore a range of multiword constructions (MWCs) to get a handle both on the extent of the phenomenon and on the grammatical constraints that may govern it. We consider idioms of various sorts, collocations, compounds, light verbs, syntactic nuts, and assorted other constructions, as well as morphology. Our conclusion is that MWCs highlight the central role that grammar plays in licensing MWCs in th…

   pubmed/PMID-28266811-multiword-constructions-in-the-grammar/info.md

2. 02 · blog0.748

   This widening of scope has happened in two main directions: (i) with respect to the ontology that the arguments target; and (ii) with respect to the type of the argument presented. In this section we will take a closer look at both of these extensions. 2.1 Bradley’s Regress vs. One and Two Category Ontologies As we have seen in section 1.2 above, Bradley’s original regress arguments targeted a one-category ontology of qualities, whereby the “qualities” Bradley seemed to have in mind were unrepeatable particularized properties, i.e., tropes . But the same argument form has been used against the…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/bradley-s-regress.md

3. 03 · blog0.743

   Such a choice suggests that \(\wedge , \rightarrow , \neg\) will represent conjunction, implication (or the conditional) and negation—that is, be intended to capture some aspect of the behaviour of and , if–then , and not , respectively—and that \(\bot\) will be some kind of falsity constant. (Similarly, while we are fixing notation, if we had written \(\ldquo\vee\rdquo\), \(\ldquo\leftrightarrow\rdquo\), or \(\ldquo\top\rdquo\), we would be arousing expectations of disjunction, equivalence—or biconditionality—and a truth constant, respectively.) We can think of this as a matter of the inferen…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/sentence-connectives-in-formal-logic.md

4. 04 · blog0.739

   He then draws our attention to the way that grammatical aspect figures into their answers. Action descriptions can be either perfective (“I made the salad”) or progressive (“I’m making the salad,” “I was making the salad”). Notice that these grammatical forms are not merely ornamental; they carry different implications. From the perfective “I made a salad,” it follows that at some point there was a salad. From the progressive “I was making a salad,” it doesn’t follow: perhaps I was interrupted by a phone call, and never got back to chopping. Thompson demarcates ‘naive rationalizations’ as thos…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/practical-reason-and-the-structure-of-actions.md

5. 05 · blog0.739

   Even within a language, different syntactic formation rules correspond to different function. However, each new semantic rule is considered a cost to the theory; cf. Heim and Kratzer 1998 (65-67). These approaches can be freed from dependence on features of a particular language by embracing type-driven compositionality , which is another strengthening of rule-to-rule compositionality. Type-driven compositionality assumes that meanings divide into a variety of semantic types just as expressions divide into syntactic categories. There are certain admissible rules for putting meanings of some gi…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/compositionality.md

6. 06 · yt0.739

   And if you take a random pattern in nature, you can always say, I can compile this pattern into what I want it to be. You see a bunch of say leaves tumbling or you see a bunch of molecules in brownian motion in the surface of your table. Uh couldn't we compile this interpret it as a sequence of mental states? And the thing is every compilation step would require a new function. >> And if you see these leaves then one state and the tumbling of the leaves is now compiled into one thought.

   yt/IzbtOzXMLOo-joscha-bach-anders-sandberg-ai-consciousness-and-the-cyborg-/transcript.txt

7. 07 · blog0.738

   We teach our students in propositional logic to disambiguate these with brackets but we are not so lucky when it comes to the orthographic and phonetic groupings in natural language. An interesting case is the semantics of modals. At least some modal auxiliaries and adverbs seem to allow for distinct senses such as metaphysical, deontic, doxastic and perhaps practical. Consider John ought to be at home by now. (4) can mean that John’s presence at home is, given everything we know, guaranteed. It might mean that, though we have no idea where he is, he is under the obligation to be at home. Simi…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/ambiguity.md

8. 08 · archive0.735

   N. B. Il V aurait avantage à remplacer les expressions levure de bière par relies de levure alcoolique. Le mot bière y rappelle une orifjine trop parlicu- lière. On dirait avec plus de convenance levure alcoolique de la bière, levure

   archive/mmoiresurlafer00past/mmoiresurlafer00past_djvu.txt

9. 09 · blog0.735

   The same argument form, however, has been used against the one-category ontology of qualities conceived as multiply occurring universals, as well as against the two-category ontology of particulars and universals. In fact, one of the most commonly cited versions of Bradley’s regress in contemporary ontological debate challenges the possibility of appealing to relations to unify particulars (such as electrons, apples, chairs) with their respective property universals ( negative charge , roundness , blackness ). The argument aims to show that any appeal to a relation R (of instantiation, exempli…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/bradley-s-regress.md

10. 10 · blog0.734

    Considerations of compositionality (the principle that the meaning of a sentence is composed of the meaning of its parts), can also be brought to bear more directly on the question of whether category mistakes are meaningful. One might be tempted to think that the mere fact that a category mistake such as ‘Two is green’ is composed out of meaningful words arranged in a grammatical way is sufficient to trivially entail, given compositionality, that the sentence is meaningful. This temptation ought to be resisted, though: for all we have said, the principle of compositionality merely shows that …

    blog/plato-stanford-edu/category-mistakes.md