Corpus evidence — top 10 passages

Most-relevant passages from the entire indexed corpus (67,286 paragraph chunks across YouTube transcripts, PubMed, arXiv, archive.org, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, OpenAlex, and more) ranked by semantic similarity (bge-small-en-v1.5).

1. 01 · yt0.773

   There's reasons why things exist, reasons why things happen. And this was elevated to a principle called the principle of sufficient reason. The principle of sufficient reason is literally the bumper sticker you see that says everything happens for a reason. Okay, there's a technical way of saying it that linenets uh the guy on the right said Spinosa is in the middle. All three of these philosophers promagated this principle and the way that Linus put it was the sake for which something happens is the final cause. Sorry, the principle sufficient reason is nothing is without a ground or reason …

   yt/rqezWO5Yba8-sean-carrol-the-big-picture-on-the-origins-of-life-meaning-a/transcript.txt

2. 02 · blog0.761

   This corresponds to a modern notion of logical consequence: \(X\) results of necessity from \(Y\) and \(Z\) if it would be impossible for \(X\) to be false when \(Y\) and \(Z\) are true. We could therefore take this to be a general definition of “valid argument”. 3.1 Induction and Deduction Deductions are one of two species of argument recognized by Aristotle. The other species is induction ( epagôgê ). He has far less to say about this than deduction, doing little more than characterize it as “argument from the particular to the universal”. However, induction (or something very much like it) …

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/aristotle-s-logic.md

3. 03 · blog0.756

   (Avicenna PH: 64) This definition accords with the subject of the science of physics, namely, body insofar as it moves and comes to rest, and it is sufficient for the purposes of doing natural philosophy (Lammer 2018: ch. 2–3). However, with respect to science in general, this “physical” definition is provisional: When the efficient principle is considered not with respect to natural things, but rather with respect to existence itself, there will be a more general concept. (Avicenna PH: 65) The task of developing this more general conception of the efficient cause falls to the metaphysician, w…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/causation-in-arabic-and-islamic-thought.md

4. 04 · blog0.756

   Clarke did not provide the only major interpretation and explication of Newton’s natural philosophy, but it was an influential one (Yenter 2023). 2.2 Rationalism Clarke adopted some form of rationalism in metaphysics, ethics, and theology. The Demonstration makes great use of the principle of sufficient reason (PSR), which motivates the cosmological argument, and he explicitly and repeatedly avows it in the correspondence with Leibniz (C 3.2, W 4.606). The PSR was used both in Clarke’s positive metaphysical arguments and was assumed in his arguments against other philosophers, especially Spino…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/samuel-clarke.md

5. 05 · blog0.755

   4.1 Logic Among the great achievements to which Aristotle can lay claim is the first systematic treatment of the principles of correct reasoning, the first logic. Although today we recognize many forms of logic beyond Aristotle’s, it remains true that he not only developed a theory of deduction, now called syllogistic, but added to it a modal syllogistic and went a long way towards proving some meta-theorems pertinent to these systems. Of course, philosophers before Aristotle reasoned well or reasoned poorly, and the competent among them had a secure working grasp of the principles of validity…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/aristotle.md

6. 06 · blog0.753

   Yet others, such as proponents of preservationist approaches to paraconsistent logic, posit that what is preserved by the deductive consequence relation is the coherence, or incoherence, of a set of premises (Schotch, Brown, & Jennings 2009; see entry on paraconsistent logic ). Nevertheless, it is fair to say that the view that deductive validity is to be understood primarily in terms of necessary truth preservation is still the received view. Relatedly, there are a number of pressing philosophical issues pertaining to the justification of deduction, such as the exact nature of the necessity i…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/argument-and-argumentation.md

7. 07 · blog0.750

   In particular, Aristotle’s theory of science cannot be considered a counterpart to modern philosophy of science, at least not without substantial qualifications. We have scientific knowledge, according to Aristotle, when we know: the cause why the thing is, that it is the cause of this, and that this cannot be otherwise. ( Posterior Analytics I.2) This implies two strong conditions on what can be the object of scientific knowledge: Only what is necessarily the case can be known scientifically Scientific knowledge is knowledge of causes He then proceeds to consider what science so defined will …

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/aristotle-s-logic.md

8. 08 · blog0.748

   Certainty (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Menu Browse Table of Contents What's New Random Entry Chronological Archives About Editorial Information About the SEP Editorial Board How to Cite the SEP Special Characters Advanced Tools Contact Support SEP Support the SEP PDFs for SEP Friends Make a Donation SEPIA for Libraries Entry Navigation Entry Contents Bibliography Academic Tools Friends PDF Preview Author and Citation Info Back to Top Certainty First published Sat Feb 2, 2008; substantive revision Mon Feb 21, 2022 Certainty, or the attempt to obtain …

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/certainty.md

9. 09 · blog0.746

   To effect this sort of reduction, Aristotle relies upon a series of meta-theorems, some of which he proves and others of which he merely reports (though it turns out that they do all indeed admit of proofs). His principles are meta -theorems in the sense that no argument can run afoul of them and still qualify as a genuine deduction. They include such theorems as: (i) no deduction contains two negative premises; (ii) a deduction with a negative conclusion must have a negative premise; (iii) a deduction with a universal conclusion requires two universal premises; and (iv) a deduction with a neg…

   blog/plato-stanford-edu/aristotle.md

10. 10 · gutenberg0.745

    But only if we have fully recognised by means of that essay what the principle of sufficient reason is and signifies, what its validity extends to, and what it does not extend to, and that that principle is not before all things, and the whole world merely in consequence of it, and in conformity to it, a corollary, as it were, of it; but rather that it is merely the form in which the object, of whatever kind it may be, which is always conditioned by the subject, is invariably known so far as the subject is a knowing individual: only then will it be possible to enter into the method of philosop…

    gutenberg/PG-38427-the-world-as-will-and-idea-vol-1-of-3/PG-38427.txt